Analisis Hubungan Gula Darah Puasa dengan Tekanan Darah pada Pasien Hipertensi dengan Komorbid Diabetes Mellitus

Nurmaya Azzahra; Andi Kartini Eka Yanti; Hidajah Hidajah

doi:10.55606/jurrike.v5i1.8148

Authors

Nurmaya Azzahra Universitas Muslim Indonesia
Andi Kartini Eka Yanti Universitas Muslim Indonesia
Hidajah Hidajah Universitas Muslim Indonesia

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55606/jurrike.v5i1.8148

Keywords:

Blood Pressure, Comorbidity, Diabetes Mellitus, Fasting Blood Glucose, Hypertension

Abstract

Hypertension and diabetes mellitus are two highly prevalent non-communicable diseases that often coexist as comorbidities, significantly increasing the risk of cardiovascular complications. The coexistence of these conditions accelerates the onset of atherosclerosis, diabetic nephropathy, and kidney failure, thereby requiring more comprehensive clinical management. One of the key parameters in diabetes management is fasting blood glucose (FBG), which reflects the balance of glucose metabolism after a fasting period. Chronic hyperglycemia is known to contribute to endothelial dysfunction, increased peripheral vascular resistance, and activation of the sympathetic nervous system and renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, ultimately leading to elevated blood pressure. This study employed a systematic literature review approach, analyzing articles published between 2021 and 2025. Narrative synthesis was conducted across various study designs, including cross-sectional, cohort, and meta-analysis studies. The findings indicate that most studies support a significant association between FBG levels and blood pressure, although some reported varying results. Cohort studies provide stronger evidence that elevated FBG increases the risk of new-onset hypertension. Age, treatment adherence, and lifestyle factors were also identified as confounding variables influencing outcomes. Overall, the evidence highlights that glycemic control through FBG monitoring is essential in managing hypertension among diabetic patients. Multidisciplinary strategies, patient education, and strengthening of primary healthcare services are required to reduce cardiovascular risks. Longitudinal studies are recommended to deepen the understanding of the relationship between FBG and blood pressure and to reinforce the scientific basis for evidence-based clinical interventions.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Alhassan, Y., Kwakye, A. O., Dwomoh, A. K., Baah-Nyarkoh, E., Ganu, V. J., Appiah, B., & Kretchy, I. A. (2022). Determinants of blood pressure and blood glucose control in patients with comorbid hypertension and type 2 diabetes mellitus. PLOS Global Public Health, 2(8), e0001342. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgph.0001342

American Diabetes Association. (2024). Standards of care in diabetes—2024. Diabetes Care, 47(Suppl. 1), S1–S350. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc24-Sint

Ardila, L., & Munir, N. W. (2025). Association between fasting blood glucose levels and blood pressure in individuals with diabetes mellitus. Omni Nursing Journal, 5(1), 22–30.

Berliana, R., Putri, A. D., & Saputra, M. R. (2024). Fasting blood glucose and cardiovascular risk among patients with diabetes mellitus. Journal of Public Health Science, 9(2), 145–153.

European Society of Cardiology, & European Society of Hypertension. (2023). 2023 ESC/ESH guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. European Heart Journal, 44(39), 3720–3827. https://doi.org/10.1093/eurheartj/ehad195

Fitriani, D., & Lestari, N. (2021). Metabolic risk factors among hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus. Jurnal Keperawatan Klinis, 6(1), 33–41.

Gosal, A. F. P., Hidayati, P. H., Darussalam, A. H. E., Yanti, A. K. E., & Kamaluddin, I. D. K. (2025). Hubungan faktor klinis dengan kadar gula darah puasa pada pasien diabetes mellitus. Borneo Journal of Medical Laboratory Technology, 7(1), 45–53.

Hasan, M., Yuniarti, S., & Maulana, R. (2025). Fasting blood glucose as a predictor of hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. International Journal of Hypertension Research, 12(1), 1–8.

Hidayat, A., Prasetyo, B., & Aminah, S. (2021). Blood pressure profile among patients with diabetes mellitus. Jurnal Ilmu Kesehatan Masyarakat, 12(3), 201–209.

International Diabetes Federation. (2021). IDF diabetes atlas (10th ed.). IDF.

Kaze, A. D., Santhanam, P., & Erqou, S. (2022). Association between fasting plasma glucose and blood pressure: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of Hypertension, 40(5), 905–914. https://doi.org/10.1097/HJH.0000000000003096

Kurniawan, D., Santoso, H., & Dewi, P. R. (2023). Relationship between fasting blood glucose and hypertension in primary healthcare settings. Jurnal Kedokteran Komunitas, 11(2), 97–105.

Lestari, A. A. C., Wulandari, N., & Rahmawati, D. (2024). Hubungan kadar gula darah puasa dengan tekanan darah pada pasien diabetes mellitus tipe 2. Jurnal Analis Kesehatan Sains, 13(2), 88–95.

Liu, J., Zhang, Y., Wang, L., Li, J., & Chen, X. (2021). Effect of fasting blood glucose on the risk of new-onset hypertension: A cohort study. BMC Cardiovascular Disorders, 21(1), 1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12872-021-02336-4

Mahendra, I. P., & Putra, A. A. G. (2022). Hypertension and diabetes mellitus: A clinical observational study. Jurnal Penyakit Dalam Indonesia, 9(4), 212–219.

Nugroho, S., & Handayani, R. (2023). Fasting blood glucose and blood pressure among outpatient diabetic patients. Jurnal Keperawatan Medikal Bedah, 4(2), 56–64.

Pali, C. M., Roring, F., & Sondakh, R. C. (2024). Metabolic profile of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Medical Scope Journal, 6(1), 40–48.

Pramono, A., & Azmi, A. L. (2024). Hubungan antara hiperglikemia dan tekanan darah pada pasien hipertensi. Mutiara: Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal, 4(1), 15–23.

Rahman, F., Fitria, L., & Yuliana, S. (2023). Risk factors of hypertension among patients with diabetes mellitus. Jurnal Kesehatan Global, 8(3), 174–182.

Sari, D. P., Utami, S., & Prabowo, A. (2024). Pengaruh gula darah puasa terhadap tekanan darah pada pasien diabetes mellitus. Jurnal Ilmu Keperawatan Indonesia, 15(1), 10–18.

Setiyorini, E. (2021). Hubungan kadar glukosa darah dengan tekanan darah pada lansia. Jurnal Naskah Kedokteran, 4(2), 85–92.

Siregar, R. A., & Lubis, Z. (2022). Fasting blood glucose analysis among hypertensive patients with diabetes mellitus. Jurnal Kesehatan Andalas, 11(1), 66–73.

Unja, E. E., Sari, N., & Hadi, A. (2024). Relationship between fasting blood glucose levels and hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Journal of Nursing and Health Investigation, 5(2), 101–109.

World Health Organization. (2023). Hypertension: Global report on hypertension. WHO.

Wulandari, D., & Kusuma, H. (2022). Association between fasting blood glucose and systolic blood pressure in adults with diabetes mellitus. Jurnal Penelitian Kesehatan, 20(3), 155–162.

Zhang, Y., Li, S., & Wang, L. (2024). Relationship between glycemic control and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. BMC Endocrine Disorders, 24(1), 112. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12902-024-01567-9