Perbedaan Komposisi Tubuh Wanita di 3 Wilayah (Baduy Luar, Salatiga, dan Kota Bambu)

Fadil Hidayat; Alexander Halim Santoso; Bryan Anna Wijaya

doi:10.55606/jurrike.v5i1.7977

Authors

Fadil Hidayat Universitas Tarumangara Jakarta
Alexander Halim Santoso Universitas Tarumangara Jakarta
Bryan Anna Wijaya Universitas Tarumangara Jakarta

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55606/jurrike.v5i1.7977

Keywords:

Adiposity, Body Composition, Metabolism, Physical Activity, Urbanization

Abstract

This study aimed to analyze differences in body composition among adult women across three regions with distinct sociocultural and environmental characteristics: Baduy Luar (rural–traditional), Salatiga (semi-urban), and Kota Bambu (urban). Using a cross-sectional design, the study involved 268 participants and assessed total body fat, visceral fat, subcutaneous fat, and skeletal muscle mass using the OMRON HBF-370 analyzer. Significant differences were observed across most body composition parameters (p < 0.001). Women living in the urban area exhibited the highest levels of total fat, visceral fat, and subcutaneous fat, reflecting the influence of urbanization and sedentary lifestyle on adiposity. Conversely, women in the rural–traditional community demonstrated the highest skeletal muscle mass across all body regions, consistent with their physically demanding daily activities and traditional dietary patterns. These findings highlight the substantial role of environmental context in shaping metabolic health and cardiometabolic risk. Targeted public-health interventions—such as structured physical-activity promotion and nutrition education in urban populations, and preservation of active lifestyles in rural communities—are recommended. Longitudinal studies are warranted to clarify causal pathways and further characterize metabolic determinants.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Aizawa, T. (2018). Regional disparity in the body mass index distribution of Indonesians: New evidence beyond the mean. Bulletin of Indonesian Economic Studies, 54(1), 85–112. https://doi.org/10.1080/00074918.2017.1406596

Assah, F. K., Ekelund, U., Brage, S., Mbanya, J. C., & Wareham, N. J. (2011). Urbanization, physical activity, and metabolic health in Sub-Saharan Africa. Diabetes Care, 34(2), 491–496. https://doi.org/10.2337/dc10-0990

Barnes, S. S., O’Carroll, D. C., Sumida, L., Shafer, L. A., & Yamada, S. (2011). Evidence for a continuing gap in rural/urban adult obesity in the Samoan Archipelago. Journal of Community Health, 36(4), 534–537. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10900-010-9338-2

Briand, M., Raffin, J., Gonzalez-Bautista, E., Ritz, P., Abellan Van Kan, G., Pillard, F., Faruch-Bilfeld, M., Guyonnet, S., Dray, C., Vellas, B., de Souto Barreto, P., & Rolland, Y. (2024). Body composition and aging: Cross-sectional results from the INSPIRE study in people 20 to 93 years old. GeroScience, 47(1), 863–875. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11357-024-01245-6

Davis, J. A., Mohebbi, M., Collier, F., Loughman, A., Shivappa, N., Hébert, J. R., Pasco, J. A., & Jacka, F. N. (2021). Diet quality and a traditional dietary pattern predict lean mass in Australian women: Longitudinal data from the Geelong Osteoporosis Study. Preventive Medicine Reports, 21, 101316. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pmedr.2021.101316

Dereń, K., Zielińska, M., Bartosiewicz, A., & Łuszczki, E. (2025). Predictors of metabolic syndrome in Polish women—the role of body composition and sociodemographic factors. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 14(16), 5911. https://doi.org/10.3390/jcm14165911

Francaux, M., & Deldicque, L. (2019). Exercise and the control of muscle mass in humans. Pflügers Archiv - European Journal of Physiology, 471(3), 397–411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00424-018-2217-x

Ghosh-Jerath, S., Kapoor, R., Barman, S., Singh, G., Singh, A., Downs, S., & Fanzo, J. (2021). Traditional food environment and factors affecting indigenous food consumption in Munda tribal community of Jharkhand, India. Frontiers in Nutrition, 7. https://doi.org/10.3389/fnut.2020.600470

Hashempour, Z., Esmaeili, F., Tabatabaei-Malazy, O., Mosallanejad, A., & Panahi, G. (2025). Worldwide prevalence of dyslipidemia in diabetes: An umbrella overview of the meta-analysis studies. Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets, 25. https://doi.org/10.2174/0118715303375795250521041740

Herningtyas, E. H., & Ng, T. S. (2019). Prevalence and distribution of metabolic syndrome and its components among provinces and ethnic groups in Indonesia. BMC Public Health, 19(1), 377. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-019-6711-7

Juppi, H., Sipilä, S., Fachada, V., Hyvärinen, M., Cronin, N., Aukee, P., Karppinen, J. E., Selänne, H., Kujala, U. M., Kovanen, V., Karvinen, S., & Laakkonen, E. K. (2022). Total and regional body adiposity increases during menopause—Evidence from a follow‐up study. Aging Cell, 21(6). https://doi.org/10.1111/acel.13621

Kshatriya, G. K., Das, M., & Bose, K. (2022). Ethnic heterogeneity in body composition patterning and CVD risk factors: A multi-ethnic study of Asian Indian tribes. Ethnicity & Health, 27(7), 1575–1598. https://doi.org/10.1080/13557858.2021.1910626

Lafontant, K., Thiamwong, L., Stout, J., Park, J.-H., Xie, R., & Fukuda, D. (2023). Redefining obesity: A ratio of fat and muscle mass compared to body mass index in older adults. Innovation in Aging, 7(Supplement_1), 1109–1109. https://doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igad104.3560

Li, X., & Qi, L. (2019). Gene–environment interactions on body fat distribution. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 20(15), 3690. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms20153690

Liao, S., Zhao, L., Huang, C., Xiong, A., Xiong, W., He, Y., Huang, X., Hunter, V., & Luo, B. (2024). One-year trajectories of nutritional status in perimenopausal women: A community-based multi-centered prospective study. BMC Public Health, 24(1), 914. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12889-024-18405-0

Melby, C. L., Orozco, F., Ochoa, D., Muquinche, M., Padro, M., & Munoz, F. N. (2017). Nutrition and physical activity transitions in the Ecuadorian Andes: Differences among urban and rural‐dwelling women. American Journal of Human Biology, 29(4). https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.22986

Mijnarends, D. M., Luiking, Y. C., Halfens, R. J. G., Evers, S. M. A. A., Lenaerts, E. L. A., Verlaan, S., Wallace, M., Schols, J. M. G. A., & Meijers, J. M. M. (2018). Muscle, health, and costs: A glance at their relationship. The Journal of Nutrition, Health and Aging, 22(7), 766–773. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12603-018-1058-9

Moon, S. W., Kim, K.-J., Lee, H. S., Yun, Y. M., Kim, J.-E., Chun, Y. J., & Kim, C. O. (2022). Low muscle mass, low muscle function, and sarcopenia in the urban and rural elderly. Scientific Reports, 12(1), 14314. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-18167-y

Napoli, N., Mottini, G., Arigliani, M., Creta, A., Giua, R., Incammisa, A., Carotti, S., Sihom, F., Yimagou, I., Alombah, R., Mbanya, J. C., & Pozzilli, P. (2010). Unexpectedly high rates of obesity and dysglycemia among villagers in Cameroon. Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews, 26(1), 10–12. https://doi.org/10.1002/dmrr.1036

Ng, M., Gakidou, E., Lo, J., Abate, Y. H., Abbafati, C., Abbas, N., Abbasian, M., Abd ElHafeez, S., Abdel-Rahman, W. M., Abd-Elsalam, S., Abdollahi, A., Abdoun, M., Abdulah, D. M., Abdulkader, R. S., Abdullahi, A., Abedi, A., Abeywickrama, H. M., Abie, A., Aboagye, R. G., … Vollset, S. E. (2025). Global, regional, and national prevalence of adult overweight and obesity, 1990–2021, with forecasts to 2050: A forecasting study for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet, 405(10481), 813–838. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(25)00355-1

Obirikorang, C., Osakunor, D. N. M., Anto, E. O., Amponsah, S. O., & Adarkwa, O. K. (2015). Obesity and cardio-metabolic risk factors in an urban and rural population in the Ashanti region-Ghana: A comparative cross-sectional study. PLOS ONE, 10(6), e0129494. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0129494

Ong, K. L., Stafford, L. K., McLaughlin, S. A., Boyko, E. J., Vollset, S. E., Smith, A. E., Dalton, B. E., Duprey, J., Cruz, J. A., Hagins, H., Lindstedt, P. A., Aali, A., Abate, Y. H., Abate, M. D., Abbasian, M., Abbasi-Kangevari, Z., Abbasi-Kangevari, M., Abd ElHafeez, S., Abd-Rabu, R., … Vos, T. (2023). Global, regional, and national burden of diabetes from 1990 to 2021, with projections of prevalence to 2050: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021. The Lancet, 402(10397), 203–234. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(23)01301-6

Peters, R., Amugsi, D. A., Mberu, B., Ensor, T., Hill, A. J., Newell, J. N., & Elsey, H. (2019). Nutrition transition, overweight, and obesity among rural-to-urban migrant women in Kenya. Public Health Nutrition, 22(17), 3200–3210. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1368980019001204

Power, M. L., & Schulkin, J. (2008). Sex differences in fat storage, fat metabolism, and the health risks from obesity: Possible evolutionary origins. British Journal of Nutrition, 99(5), 931–940. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0007114507853347

Rocha, T., Melson, E., Zamora, J., Fernandez-Felix, B. M., Arlt, W., & Thangaratinam, S. (2024). Sex-specific obesity and cardiometabolic disease risks in low- and middle-income countries: A meta-analysis involving 3,916,276 individuals. The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism, 109(4), 1145–1153. https://doi.org/10.1210/clinem/dgad599

Shapira, N. (2013). Women’s higher health risks in the obesogenic environment: A gender nutrition approach to metabolic dimorphism with predictive, preventive, and personalised medicine. EPMA Journal, 4(1), 1. https://doi.org/10.1186/1878-5085-4-1

Siddiqui, S. T., Kandala, N.-B., & Stranges, S. (2015). Urbanisation and geographic variation of overweight and obesity in India: A cross-sectional analysis of the Indian Demographic Health Survey 2005–2006. International Journal of Public Health, 60(6), 717–726. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00038-015-0720-9

Tan, M., Brown, L. J., Mathews, K. I., Whatnall, M. C., Hutchesson, M. J., MacDonald‐Wicks, L. K., & Patterson, A. J. (2019). Rural versus urban women: An examination of anthropometry and body composition. Australian Journal of Rural Health, 27(1), 70–77. https://doi.org/10.1111/ajr.12466

Thapa, S., Ahmed, K. Y., Bizuayehu, H. M., Huda, M. M., Chalise, B., Bore, M. G., Belachew, S. A., Hassen, T. A., Amsalu, E., Shifti, D. M., Seid, A., Mesfin, Y. M., Tegegne, T. K., Dadi, A. F., Odo, D. B., Kibret, G. D., Ketema, D. B., Kassa, Z. Y., Anyasodor, A. E., … Ross, A. G. (2024). Trends and social determinants of the obesity epidemic among reproductive-age women in ten Asian countries. Scientific Reports, 14(1), 22545. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-73522-5

Ubaida-Mohien, C., Gonzalez-Freire, M., Lyashkov, A., Moaddel, R., Chia, C. W., Simonsick, E. M., Sen, R., & Ferrucci, L. (2019). Physical activity associated proteomics of skeletal muscle: Being physically active in daily life may protect skeletal muscle from aging. Frontiers in Physiology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2019.00312

Vasan, S. K., Osmond, C., Canoy, D., Christodoulides, C., Neville, M. J., Di Gravio, C., Fall, C. H. D., & Karpe, F. (2018). Comparison of regional fat measurements by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and conventional anthropometry and their association with markers of diabetes and cardiovascular disease risk. International Journal of Obesity, 42(4), 850–857. https://doi.org/10.1038/ijo.2017.289

Vogliano, C., Raneri, J. E., Maelaua, J., Coad, J., Wham, C., & Burlingame, B. (2020). Assessing diet quality of indigenous food systems in three geographically distinct Solomon Islands sites (Melanesia, Pacific Islands). Nutrients, 13(1), 30. https://doi.org/10.3390/nu13010030

Westerterp, K. R. (2018). Changes in physical activity over the lifespan: Impact on body composition and sarcopenic obesity. Obesity Reviews, 19(S1), 8–13. https://doi.org/10.1111/obr.12781

Yuan, S., & Larsson, S. C. (2023). Epidemiology of sarcopenia: Prevalence, risk factors, and consequences. Metabolism, 144, 155533. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.metabol.2023.155533