Kepadatan dan Pola Distribusi Teripang Hitam (Holothuria atra) di Pesisir Pantai Haenesai Desa Hulung, Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat

Iloni Touwe; Handy Erwin Pier Leimena; Evelin Tuhumuri

doi:10.55606/jurrike.v4i3.6915

Authors

Iloni Touwe Universitas Pattimura
Handy Erwin Pier Leimena Universitas Pattimura
Evelin Tuhumuri Universitas Pattimura

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.55606/jurrike.v4i3.6915

Keywords:

bioturbation, coastal ecosystems, environmental parameters, overexploitation, resource conservation

Abstract

The black sea cucumber (Holothuria atra) holds significant ecological and economic value in tropical marine ecosystems, including those of Maluku, Indonesia. This study aimed to estimate population density, spatial distribution patterns, and their relationship with environmental conditions along the Haenesai coast, Hulung Village, Taniwel District, West Seram Regency. Sampling was carried out using the belt transect method (50 m × 2 m) at three stations with three replications, while physicochemical parameters of seawater (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, and transparency) were measured in situ. A total of 96 individuals of H. atra were recorded, with an average density of 10.6 ind/100 m². Station I exhibited the highest density (13 ind/100 m²), whereas Station II showed the lowest (9.3 ind/100 m²). Distribution patterns were generally uniform at Stations I and II, while Station III displayed a clustered pattern. These variations are likely influenced by differences in water transparency, dissolved oxygen, and substrate heterogeneity that affect food availability. Overall, environmental conditions remained suitable for H. atra, although evidence of exploitation pressure from local harvesting was observed. Ecologically, H. atra plays a critical role as a bioturbator, maintaining sediment quality and coastal ecosystem stability. This study highlights the need for regulated harvesting, habitat protection, and aquaculture development as strategic measures for the sustainable management of sea cucumber resources in Maluku.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

References

Agusta, O. R., Sulardiona, B., & Rudiyanti, S. (2012). Kebiasaan makan teripang (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea) di perairan pantai Pulau Pramuka, Kepulauan Seribu. Journal of Management of Aquatic Resources, 1(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.14710/marj.v1i1.259

Anderson, S. C., Flemming, J. M., Watson, R., & Lotze, H. K. (2011). Serial exploitation of global sea cucumber fisheries. Fish and Fisheries, 12(3), 317–339. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2010.00397.x

Begon, M., Townsend, C. R., & Harper, J. L. (2006). Ecology: From individuals to ecosystems (4th ed.). Blackwell Publishing.

Bordbar, S., Anwar, F., & Saari, N. (2011). High-value components and bioactives from sea cucumbers for functional foods—A review. Marine Drugs, 9(10), 1761–1805. https://doi.org/10.3390/md9101761

Dakrory, A. I., Fahmy, S. R., Soliman, A. M., Mohamed, A. S., & Amer, S. A. (2015). Protective and curative effects of the sea cucumber Holothuria atra extract against DMBA-induced hepatorenal diseases in rats. Biomed Research International, 2015, 563652. https://doi.org/10.1155/2015/563652

Dinakaran, D. I., & Lipton, A. P. (2014). Bioactive compounds from Holothuria atra of Indian Ocean. SpringerPlus, 3, 673. https://doi.org/10.1186/2193-1801-3-673

English, S., Wilkinson, C., & Baker, V. (1997). Survey manual for tropical marine (2nd ed.). Australian Institute of Marine Science.

Ennas, C., Pasquini, V., Abyaba, H., Addis, P., Sarà, G., & Pusceddu, A. (2023). Sea cucumbers bioturbation: Potential outcomes on marine benthic trophic status under different temperature regimes. Scientific Reports, 13, 11558. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-38543-6

Eriksson, H., Robinson, G., Slater, M. J., & Troell, M. (2012). Sea cucumber aquaculture in the Western Indian Ocean: Challenges for sustainable livelihood and stock improvement. AMBIO, 41(2), 109–121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13280-011-0195-8

Floren, A. S., Hayashizaki, K. I., Putchakarn, S., Tuntiprapas, P., & Prathep, A. (2021). A review of factors influencing the seagrass-sea cucumber association in tropical seagrass meadows. Frontiers in Marine Science, 8, 696134. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2021.696134

Gray, B. C. T., Byrne, M., Clements, M., & Purcell, S. W. (2023). Movement dynamics, sediment turnover and sheltering behaviours of the nocturnal coral reef sea cucumber, Stichopus sc. monotuberculatus. Coral Reefs, 42, 1329–1341. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00338-023-02433-0

Hartati, R., Ambariyanto, A., Zainuri, M., & Widianingsih, W. (2021). Sea ranching of Holothuria atra: Stocking density and time. BIOTROPIA, 28(2), 128–140. https://doi.org/10.11598/btb.2021.28.2.1180

Hayes, J. J., & Castillo, O. (2017). A new approach for interpreting the Morisita Index of aggregation through quadrat size. ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information, 6(10), 296. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6100296

He, F., & Legendre, P. (2002). Species diversity patterns derived from species-area models. Ecology, 83(5), 1185–1198. https://doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2002)083[1185:SDPDFS]2.0.CO;2

Hossain, A., Dave, D., & Shahidi, F. (2022). Antioxidant potential of sea cucumbers and their beneficial effects on human health. Marine Drugs, 20(8), 521. https://doi.org/10.3390/md20080521

Isnanda, A., Suryanti, S., & Rudiyanti, S. (2024). Analisa kebiasaan makan teripang (Holothuroidea) di Pulau Panjang, Kabupaten Jepara. Management of Aquatic Resources Journal (MAQUARES), 11(2), 118–124. https://doi.org/10.14710/marj.v11i2.32823

Kongsap, V., Rattanachot, E., Prathep, A., Buaphol, W., & Mayakun, J. (2023). A high abundance of Holothuria (Halodeima) atra in a Halimeda-dominated habitat. Journal of Marine Science and Engineering, 11(2), 451. https://doi.org/10.3390/jmse11020451

Krebs, C. J. (2014). Ecology: The experimental analysis of distribution and abundance (6th ed.). Pearson Education.

Lee, S., Ford, A. K., Mangubhai, S., Wild, C., & Ferse, S. C. A. (2018). Effects of sandfish (Holothuria scabra) removal on shallow-water sediments in Fiji. PeerJ, 6, e4773. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4773

Li, P. H., Lu, W. C., Chan, Y. J., Ko, W. C., Jung, A. C., Huynh, D. T. L., & Ji, Y. X. (2020). Extraction and characterization of collagen from sea cucumber (Holothuria cinerascens) and its potential application in moisturizing cosmetics. Aquaculture, 515, 734590. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2019.734590

Liang, Q., Ahmed, F., Zhang, M., Sperou, N., Franco, C. M. M., Feng, Q., & Zhang, W. (2022). In vivo and clinical studies of sea cucumber-derived bioactives for human health and nutrition from 2012–2021. Frontiers in Marine Science, 9, 917857. https://doi.org/10.3389/fmars.2022.917857

Luhulima, D. R., Zamani, N. P., & Bengen, D. G. (2019). Ekobiologi dan asosiasi teripang pada ekosistem lamun di Kabupaten Maluku Tengah dan Kabupaten Seram Bagian Barat (Tesis). IPB University, Bogor.

MacTavish, T., Stenton-Dozey, J., Vopel, K., & Savage, C. (2012). Deposit-feeding sea cucumbers enhance mineralization and nutrient cycling in organically-enriched coastal sediments. PLOS ONE, 7(11), e50031. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0050031

Magurran, A. E. (2004). Measuring biological diversity. Blackwell Science Ltd.

Mills, S., Neill, K., Anderson, O., & Davey, N. (2014). Extraordinary echinoderms: A guide to the echinoderms of New Zealand. National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research (NIWA).

Nirwana, E., Sadarun, B., & Alirman, L. O. A. (2016). Studi struktur komunitas teripang berdasarkan kondisi substrat di Perairan Desa Sawapudo, Kabupaten Konawe. Sapa Laut: Jurnal Sains dan Teknologi Kelautan, 1(1), 22–29.

Odum, E. P. (1971). Fundamentals of ecology (3rd ed.). W. B. Saunders Company.

Oktaviani, D., Mulyani, Y., & Rochima, E. (2015). Aktivitas antioksidan dan antibakteri ekstrak jeroan teripang Holothuria atra dari perairan Pulau Biawak, Kabupaten Indramayu. Jurnal Perikanan Kelautan, 6(2-1), 1–6.

Pasquini, V., Giglioli, A. A., Pusceddu, A., & Addis, P. (2021). Biology, ecology and management perspectives of overexploited deposit-feeders sea cucumbers, with focus on Holothuria tubulosa (Gmelin, 1788). Advances in Oceanography and Limnology, 12(2). https://doi.org/10.4081/aiol.2021.9995

Pattinasarany, M., & Manuputty, G. (2018). Potensi jenis teripang bernilai ekonomis penting di ekosistem padang lamun perairan Desa Suli, Maluku Tengah. Papalele (Jurnal Penelitian Sosial Ekonomi Perikanan dan Kelautan), 2(1), 1–7. https://doi.org/10.30598/papalele.2018.2.1.1

Pengestuti, R., & Arifin, Z. (2018). Medicinal and health benefit effects of functional sea cucumbers. Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, 8(3), 341–351. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2017.06.007

Pierrat, J., Bedier, A., Eeckhaut, I., Magalon, H., & Frouin, P. (2021). Sophistication in a seemingly simple creature: A review of wild holothurian nutrition in marine ecosystems. Biological Reviews, 97(1), 273–298. https://doi.org/10.1111/brv.12799

Purcell, S. W. (2014). Value, market preferences and trade of bêche-de-mer from Pacific Island sea cucumbers. PLOS ONE, 9(4), e95075. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0095075

Purcell, S. W., Lovatelli, A., Gonzales-Wanguermert, M., Solis-Marin, F. A., Samyn, Y., & Conand, C. (2023). Commercially important sea cucumber of the world. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes, No. 6, Rev. 1, 2nd Edition. FAO.

Purcell, S. W., Mercier, A., Conand, C., Hamel, J. F., Toral-Granda, M. V., Lovatelli, A., & Uthicke, S. (2013). Sea cucumber fisheries: Global analysis of stocks, management measures and drivers of overfishing. Fish and Fisheries, 14(1), 34–59. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-2979.2011.00443.x

Purcell, S. W., Samyn, Y., & Conand, C. (2012). Commercially important sea cucumbers of the world. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 6. FAO.

Saad, D. Y., Baiomy, A. A., & Mansour, A. A. (2016). Antiseptic effect of sea cucumber (Holothuria atra) against multi-organ failure induced by sepsis: Molecular and histopathological study. Experimental and Therapeutic Medicine, 12(1), 222–230. https://doi.org/10.3892/etm.2016.3321

Scheneider, K., Silverman, J., Woolsey, E., Eriksson, H., Byrne, M., & Caldeira, K. (2011). Potential influence of sea cucumbers on coral reef CaCO3 budget: A case study at One Tree Reef. Journal of Geophysical Research: Biogeosciences, 116(G4), G04032. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011JG001755

Setiawan, F. (2010). Panduan lapangan identifikasi ikan karang dan invertebrata laut [Field guide for the identification of reef fish and marine invertebrates]. Wildlife Conservation Society.

Southwood, T. R. E., & Henderson, P. A. (2000). Ecological methods (3rd ed.). Blackwell Science Ltd.

SPC (Secretariat of the Pacific Community). (2015). Hatchery operation manuals for rearing sandfish, Holothuria scabra, in Tarawa, Republic of Kiribati. Secretariat of the Pacific Community Coastal Fisheries Programme.

Sun, J., Yu, Y., Zhao, Z., Yin, D., Chang, Y., & Zhao, C. (2022). Ecological niche models for assessing site suitability for sea cucumbers and sea urchins in China. Scientific Reports, 12, 12795. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-022-17004-6

Underwood, A. J., & Chapman, M. G. (2013). Design and analysis in benthic surveys in environmental sampling. In A. Eleftheriou (Ed.), Methods for the study of marine benthos (4th ed., pp. 1–46). Wiley-Blackwell.

Uthicke, S. (1999). Sediment bioturbation and impact of feeding activity of Holothuria (Halodeima) atra and Stichopus chloronotus, two sediment feeding holothurians, at Lizard Island, Great Barrier Reef. Bulletin of Marine Science, 64(1), 129–141.

Uthicke, S., & Karez, R. (1999). Sediment patch selectivity in tropical sea cucumbers (Holothurioidea: Aspidochirotida) analysed with multiple choice experiments. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 236(1), 69–87. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(98)00190-7

Vidal-Ramirez, F., & Dave, S. (2016). Diurnal effects of Holothuria atra on seawater carbonate chemistry in a sedimentary environment. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 474, 156–163. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2015.10.007

Wiadnyana, N. N., Puspasari, R., & Mahulette, R. T. (2009). Status sumber daya dan perikanan teripang di Indonesia: Pemanfaatan dan perdagangan. Jurnal Kebijakan Perikanan Indonesia (JKPI), 1(1), 45–60. https://doi.org/10.15578/jkpi.1.1.2009.45-60

Yusron, E., & Widianwari, P. (2004). Holothurian (Holothuroidea) community structure in some coastal waters of Kai Besar Island, South-east Maluku. Makara Sains, 8(1), 15–20.